Satimov Farrux
Moderator 
CUMULATIVE PROPERTIES OF LITHIUM AND SODIUM-LITHIUM SALTS ARE IMPORTANT IN COUNTERTRANSPORT AND LIPID METABOLISM.
Satimov Farrux Zafarovich
Uzbek-Finnish Pedagogical Institute
Faculty of "Natural Sciences" Methods of teaching Chemistry
Student of education
Abstract:
In this article, lithium has become increasingly popular in recent years. Prospects for its use as an important source of energy, the importance of which is becoming increasingly important. To further increase the production of lithium-ion batteries, given its biological significance, lithium preparations in medicine from its compounds, affecting the work of neurotransmitters, regulate the brain. The expansion of the scope of biomedical drugs used to reduce the burden on the brain by establishing and regulating the rules for the use of lithium, its extraction and processing, reducing environmental impact, and lithium prevention of various manic conditions such as depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder are widely discussed.
Keywords:
Lithium-ion batteries, carbon energy source, mental disorders, bipolar structure, neurotransmitters, NMDA receptors, lithium, mania, tranquilizer
Lithium is an alkali metal located in the first group of the periodic table of chemical elements. Lithium is not an ordinary metal, it is an element with antidepressant and stimulating properties. One of the most important biologically important properties of this element is that it is an element with teratogenic and antidepressant properties. This property is not found in almost any other metal and is a biopharmacological property unique to lithium. What is a teratogenic property, a teratogenic property is an immune property against processes that cause various pathogenic conditions, disorders or various abnormal conditions in a woman's body from the moment the fetus appears to the moment of its development.
Lithium salts are widely used in the prevention and treatment of manic conditions. A manic state is a mental process that has extreme joy and strong energy, and in a manic state a person is in a depressive state, as if he is very happy. The mechanism of action of lithium salts is to reduce the release of noadrenaline from nerve endings.
The biological significance of lithium salts lies in the fact that they are injected into the body as an enteral preparation as a therapeutic agent for pathologies resulting from psychedepressive states. Lithium biologics are rapidly absorbed and evenly distributed in the muscles of the body, and the effect is a slow and lengthy process.
The elimination process can be accelerated by increasing the amount of sodium chloride in the diet. It differs from antipsychotics in that it has a selective effect and is devoid of sedative properties.
Lithium salts are a metal used as a medicinal product. Lithium preparations are widely used in psychiatry in the treatment of conditions such as bipolar affective disorder. Lithium salts help to increase the emotional background in the depressive phase and reduce it in the manic phase, activating mental activity. To an even, stable state. In addition, lithium salts are used in the treatment of a number of other diseases.
A specific feature of lithium preparations is their cumulative nature, which is a feature of accumulation in tissues. It is very important to maintain a certain equilibrium concentration of the drug in the blood. Because low doses do not have a sufficient therapeutic effect, and very high doses cause toxic effects on the body.
The purpose of the study:
-Monitoring whether the lithium level is sufficient for a therapeutic effect;
- Determine the concentration of lithium in the blood when starting medication;
- Continuous monitoring of changes in lithium levels;
Theophylline and caffeine reduce the concentration of lithium salts in the body.
Another purpose of the study was to study the activity level of sodium-lithium transport and lipid metabolism in adolescents with frequent respiratory diseases.
115 children aged 15 to 18 years were examined, including 67 children with frequent recurrence of acute respiratory diseases, 48 children with rare diseases. Some indicators of lipid metabolism and sodium in red blood cells. The antitransportation rate of lithium, i.e. the rate of action, was measured. Studied. The statistical quantum analysis method was used in the tests.
LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES ARE PROMISING
The modern world cannot be imagined without smartphones and gadgets. The ability to use technologies correctly in the information age, their composition and principle of operation, their impact on the environment, and the radiation they emit.
Studying the rays is very important. Currently, there are 2 types of batteries used in mobile gadgets: lithium-ion and lithium-polymer. Both of them have their advantages and disadvantages.
The principle of operation of batteries was discovered by L. Galvani in the 17th century. This discovery happened by chance.
Lithium-based batteries perform two functions, they are the ability to recharge the battery and keep it charged for a long time. The voltage of lithium batteries is 3.6-4.2 V.
Lithium-ion batteries are high-energy density batteries and are becoming increasingly popular. These are batteries that operate on the principle of an electrochemical reaction between the anode and cathode materials and the movement of lithium ions between them. In a lithium-ion battery, the anode is usually made of graphite, and the cathode is made of CoO, LiMnO, or LiFePO.
When the battery is charging, an external power source supplies voltage to the electrodes, causing lithium ions to move from the cathode to the anode. This process occurs through intercalation.
In general, the basic principles of electrochemistry and physical chemistry are the ultimate goal of explaining the operation of lithium-ion batteries and developing innovative ideas in this field.
Lithium makes up 3.2-10% of the mass of the earth's crust. About 30 lithium minerals are known, 5 of which are of industrial importance. Lithium compounds are found in Canada, the USA, Africa, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia. Lithium is found in nature only in a bound form. Since it is a diffuse element, it does not form deposits. Lithium is less common and occurs up to 0.5% in mineral waters, soil, beetroot and tobacco ashes of some plants. The dispersed element Li occurs in nature as a compound, since Li is an active metal, it occurs as a spodumene- LiAl(SiO3)2, amblyconite- LiAl(PO4)F. Being a light metal.
Lithium is used in metallurgy. Lithium is the lightest of metals, about twice as light as water. Lithium is a silvery-white light metal (5 times lighter than aluminum). Lithiihog, cut with a knife.
It fades quickly when combined with oxygen in the air. Lithium to potassium or sodium
Reacts relatively weakly with water and forms the alkali LiOH.However, it does not ignite the way potassium reacts with water. But lithium is carbon and it reacts easily with hydrogen compared to other alkali metals.
An atom has 1 electron in its outer electron shell. It easily transfers electrons, but does not accept them. Lithium reacts quickly with air and water. It combines with oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Some lithium salts are poorly soluble in water, unlike similar metal salts of the neighboring group. It burns in air at 1800°C and forms white lithium oxide. A unique property of lithium is its reaction with nitrogen at room temperature. 6Li+N2=2Li3N reacts easily with lithium, C, H, and S halogens.
Lithium is a silvery-white metal, very light in the free state and does not even dissolve in gasoline. Lithium is a very active metal. Under normal conditions, it combines with oxygen and nitrogen to form Li20 and Li3N. Due to this property, it is used in the purification of inert gases.
Of the 118 elements listed in the basic chemical table compiled by Dmitry Mendeleev, more than 90 belong to metals. This situation made it possible to compare and analyze their characteristics and description.
Many years of experience have shown that metals are very different from each other. This allowed scientists to divide them into local groups with similar characteristics, which means they can be used in certain conditions.
In addition to alkali, light and alkaline earth metals, as well as lanthanides, actinides and semimetals, there are also transition metals. But even people from neighboring groups sometimes have similar characteristics.
Lithium does not dissolve in water, but, like all alkalis, it reacts.
Thus, 7 elements belong to light metals: Al, Ga, In, Sn, Ti, Pb, Bi.
But in terms of hardness, density, melting or boiling point, as well as electromagnetic abilities, some metals can compete with "athletes" such as scandium, strontium and lithium.
Informal competition
Of course, such a comparison is not accepted by chemists, but for those who practice chemistry at an amateur level, it is possible to determine the density of substances by the "lightness coefficient" and make sure that I really is the lightest metal on the planet. .
So, the density of strontium is 5.7 g/ cm3, scandium has a much lower density – 2.99 g/ cm3, aluminum is lighter than it, it takes 2.7 g/ cm3. Looking at this property of each metal, it can be determined that lithium is the least dense and, therefore, the lightest.
A little bit about the winner
The density of lithium is 0.53 g/cm3. This value is almost 2 times lower than that of ordinary water, which is not oversaturated with various isotopes. A large piece of this metal measuring 5x5 cm does not even weigh 50 grams. For comparison, approximately the same amount of iron weighs about 700 grams, which is 14 times more.
Unlike the participants of the "race", lithium is very poorly cut. But in the first minutes after the violation of the integrity of the object, you can see a metallic sheen, which fades after a few seconds and reacts with the air. Upon interaction with 02, lithium nitride and oxide are formed.
The metal is used to produce lithium and lithium-ion batteries.
The density of lithium is low, and its density can be compared to a dry rod. Therefore, even a fairly large piece of metal will float in any liquid.
If you compare 1 gram of lithium and one gram of the densest metal, osmium, you can clearly see the difference. A gram of lithium is much larger, about 40 times. Therefore, the density of solids can be compared externally.
Lithium, which belongs to the group of alkali metals, interacts with water. Hydrogen bubbles appear on the surface, which can be ignited. It is an amazing sight: metal floating in the water, burning with red fire. Lithium is not only bright and active, but also burns in the air.
It is used in lithium batteries in the form of cobalt, adding mixtures of other additives. The scope of application was determined by the electrochemical properties. Such a battery generates a lot of voltage.
However, since the price is too high, scientists are looking for an effective analogue that matches it.
This lithium nitride reacts violently with water.
In conclusion, it should be said that the main purpose of the chemical industry and technology network is the development of environmentally friendly energy sources, the development of waste-free technologies and the reduction of their impact on the environment.
The ever-decreasing natural resources have put humanity in front of the problem of replacing the industrial mode of production with technological methods. The importance of chemistry in medicine is not limited to the synthesis of new drugs, with the help of the chemical industry, medical products are also manufactured. Chemical methods create conditions for studying the processes occurring in the human body at the cellular and molecular levels.
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